Basic introduction, morphological characteristics and growth environment requirements of Agaricus bisporus

Basic introduction
Agaricus bisporus is commonly known as white mushroom, foreign mushroom, button mushroom, world mushroom, etc. It belongs to the genus of mushroom of the family Agaricae of Basidiomycetes, subphylloveomycetes, Mushroom class, Agaricus Agaricae in taxonomy. Agaricus bisporus is named after most of its basidiospores bearing 2 basidiospores. It is the edible fungus with the largest cultivation scale, the widest cultivation range and the highest yield in the world.
Agaricus bisporus is a kind of high protein, low fat, low calorie health nutrition food. The protein content is twice that of spinach, cabbage and other vegetables, and is equivalent to milk. It is a famous plant meat, but the fat content is only 1/10 of milk, which is lower than the general vegetable content. Agaricus bisporus contains less calories than apples, bananas, rice, pork and beer, and unsaturated fatty acids account for 74% to 83% of total fatty acids. In recent years, the use of Agaricus bisporus mycelium through deep fermentation, processed into mushroom protein biscuits, mushroom bread, mushroom sauce, etc., provides a new way for food development.
Agaricus bisporus is rich in amino acids, there are 6 kinds of essential amino acids, such as arginine, leucine. And rich in a variety of vitamins and minerals, vitamin (B1), vitamin (B2), vitamin C and phosphorus, sodium, zinc, calcium, iron content is higher. It also contains trypsin, maltase, tyrosinase, etc., which can help digestion and lower blood pressure. Its leachate products such as leukopenia, hepatitis, anemia, malnutrition has a certain effect. Because it is a low-calorie alkaline food, high content of unsaturated fatty acids, can prevent arteriosclerosis, heart disease and obesity. The polysaccharide compounds contained therein have certain anti-cancer and anti-cancer effects. In recent years, it has also been found that the nucleic acid of Agaricus bisporus has antiviral effect and can inhibit the infection and proliferation of HIV. It is a good health care product.
There are more than 100 countries in the world producing Agaricus bisporus, among which the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, France, the United States, and Italy are the countries with advanced cultivation technology in the world. Agaricus bisporus is known as the "world mushroom", and it is also the earliest edible fungus to realize annual and factory production. (Latest Technology: 18134707011, WeChat with the same number) The cultivation of Agaricus bisporus in China began in the 1920 s and 1930 s and developed rapidly in the 1970 s and 1980 s. Since the beginning of the 21st century, the double cell mushroom has been widely cultivated throughout the country, and some enterprises have begun factory production.
Growth stage
1. Mycelium
Mushroom mycelium morphology varied with the phenotype of the mother species. The mycelium of the aerogenetic variety is white, thick, developed, strong in climbing, fast in growth and easy to fall. The mycelium of the creeping variety is gray-white, thin and sparse, grows close to the medium, has no ability to climb the wall, and grows slowly. The mycelium of the semi-air type variety is in between, with short and dense branches. In the bacterial bed, the mycelium can be divided into villous, linear and funicular hyphae due to different growth periods. All levels of strains and the mycelium in the sprouting period are fluffy mycelium. The fluffy mycelium cannot form mushrooms. It must be covered with soil and water to form linear mycelium, which can only form mushrooms under suitable conditions. (Off-line training: 18134707011, WeChat with the same number) When the temperature is low, the hyphae in the soil layer mostly become cord-shaped hyphae. When the conditions are suitable, the cord-shaped hyphae germinates and then forms linear hyphae with mushroom-forming ability.
2. Fruit bodies
The fruiting body of Agaricus bisporus is white umbrella: it is composed of cap, stem, pleate, membrane and ring. The cap is round and thick, and the surface is like a top hat, so it is also called a cap. The cap was spherical at the beginning, then developed into a hemispherical shape, and when it was ripe, it was umbrella-shaped. stipe mesomorphic, white terete.
The stipe of high quality mushroom should be thick and short, with smooth surface and not hollow. In the early stage of fruiting body maturity, the bacterial membrane is narrow and tight. In the late stage of maturity, the bacterial membrane is widened and thinned and gradually split due to the flat of the bacterial cap. After the rupture of the bacterial membrane, the laminar bacterial folds are exposed. The bacteria fold is white at the beginning, the fruiting body is pink at the early stage of maturity and dark brown at the late stage of maturity. The fungus ring is a ring of membrane that remains in the middle and upper part of the stipe after the rupture of the fungus membrane. It is white and easy to fall off. Spore print dark brown. A basidier has two more basidiospores and a rare one.
Under wild conditions, Agaricus bisporus is mostly born in grassland, pasture and compost in spring, summer and autumn.
Environmental requirements
1. Nutritional conditions
Agaricus bisporus belongs to saprophytic fungi of fecal grass, which needs to absorb the required nutrients such as carbon source, nitrogen source, inorganic salt and growth factor from fecal grass.
Cultivation raw materials are mainly crop scraps, manure and additives. Rice straw, wheat straw, corn straw, corncob, soybean straw, bagasse, cottonseed hulls, etc. are commonly used carbon sources. A variety of livestock manure is commonly used as the main source of nitrogen. Cake fertilizer, urea, ammonium sulfate, gypsum powder, calcium superphosphate, calcium carbonate, lime, etc. are commonly used additives. Agaricus bisporus can only absorb and utilize ammonium nitrogen in nitrogen fertilizer, but not nitrate nitrogen. Therefore, the fertilizer that supplements the nitrogen source is urea, ammonium sulfate and ammonium carbonate.
Agaricus bisporus cannot use unfermented and decomposed culture materials. The above raw materials must be reasonably matched and piled for fermentation to become nutrients of Agaricus bisporus.
In the preparation of Agaricus bisporus culture material, the ratio of carbon and nitrogen in the raw material formula should be (30~33):1. During the fermentation of the culture material, the consumption of microbial carbon nutrition was greater than that of nitrogen nutrition, and the carbon-nitrogen ratio gradually decreased to (17-18):1 after the fermentation of the culture material pile, which was the most suitable for the growth and development of Agaricus bisporus mycelium.
2. Environmental conditions
(1) Temperature
Different strains of Agaricus bisporus and different growth stages have different temperature requirements. At present, most of the strains cultivated in large areas in China belong to the low temperature type.
The temperature range of Agaricus bisporus in the growth stage of mycelium is 5~30 ℃, and the suitable growth temperature is 22~24 ℃. (Practical Learning: 18134707011, WeChat with the same number) Growth is slow below 5 ℃, aging is fast above 30 ℃, and growth or death is easy to stop above 33 ℃.
The temperature range of Agaricus bisporus fruiting body growth is 5~22 ℃, at the appropriate temperature of 13~16 ℃, the stipe is short, thick cap, high yield. When the room temperature is continuously higher than 22 ℃, it is easy to cause the death of mushroom bud. When the room temperature is lower than 12 ℃, the mushroom grows slowly and the yield is low. When the room temperature is lower than 5 ℃, the fruiting body stops growing.
Agaricus bisporus in the stage of mycelium growth and fruiting body development, the need for a more stable suitable temperature, and in the fruiting body differentiation stage requires a smaller temperature difference stimulation, diurnal temperature difference in 3~5 ℃ can promote the differentiation of the primordium.
(2) Moisture and humidity
Moisture and humidity refer to the moisture content in the culture material, the moisture content in the covering soil and the relative humidity of the air.
① Water content of culture materials. The water content of the culture material suitable for mycelium growth is 60% ~ 65% (hold a handful of culture material tightly by hand, and there are 1~4 drops of water between fingers). Over-wet air permeability is poor, and the hair bacteria are sparse and weak; if it is too dry, it stops growing. The water content of fruit body growth stage is about 65%.
② Water content of covering soil. In the growth stage of mycelium in the soil layer, the overburden layer is better to be dry, and the water content of soil particles should be maintained at about 18%, I .e. the two fingers kneading the soil can be flat and cracked. At the stage of mushroom bud formation, especially when the fruiting body grows to the size of soybean, the covering soil layer should be wet, and the water content of soil particles should be kept at about 20%, I .e. hands can be flattened, hands can be rounded, and hands are not sticky.
The air relative humidity. Different forms of germ require different relative humidity of air. Traditional mushroom room cultivation of open-frame hair fungus requires a higher relative humidity of air, which should be 80% ~ 85%, otherwise the surface of the material is dry and the hyphae cannot grow upward. Film covering bacteria requires the relative humidity of the air to be lower and should be controlled at about 70%. When it exceeds 75%, miscellaneous bacteria are prone to occur in case of high temperature. When it is less than 50%, the water content of the culture material evaporates too much, which will cause the culture material to lose water and dry, and is not conducive to the growth of mycelium. During the mushroom period, the relative humidity of the air in the cultivation room should be controlled at 85% ~ 90%. More than 95%, fruiting bodies are prone to phenomena such as rotten mushrooms, infected bacteria, rust spots, red roots, etc. Less than 70%, the fruiting body grows slowly, the outer skin of the fungus cover becomes hard, and even cracks occur, and the fungus stalk will appear hollow, resulting in hollow mushrooms.
(3) The air
Agaricus bisporus is aerobic bacteria, in all stages of growth and development require good ventilation. It is particularly sensitive to the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air. The suitable carbon dioxide concentration in the growth stage of hyphae should not exceed 0.5, and the carbon dioxide concentration in the growth stage of fruiting body should not exceed 0.2. When the concentration of carbon dioxide is high, the cap is small, the stem is long, and it is easy to open the umbrella. Therefore, in the process of Agaricus bisporus cultivation, it is necessary to ensure that the air in the mushroom room is circulated and fresh, and timely discharge the harmful gases such as carbon dioxide, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide that are released during the growth of the fruiting body and the decomposition of the culture material by the mycelium.
(4) Light
Under dark conditions, Agaricus bisporus can complete the normal life cycle, mycelial growth and fruiting body development process can not need light. Agaricus bisporus can normally form fruiting bodies under dark conditions, and the mushroom body is white, the mushroom meat is thick and tender, the flower shape is round, and the quality is good. The light is too strong, the surface of the cap is hardened and yellow, the stem is bent, and the cap is skewed.
(5) pH
Agaricus bisporus likes partial alkaline fungi. The pH range of mycelium growth was 5.0~8.5, and the optimum pH was 7.0~7.5. The optimum pH for fruiting body growth was 6.5~6.8. However, due to the production of some organic acids in the process of mycelium growth, the pH of the culture material and the soil layer gradually decreased. Therefore, when sowing, the pH of the culture material should be controlled at 7.5~8.0, and the pH of the soil covering material should be 8.0~8.5. (strain technology: 18134707011, WeChat with the same number) In cultivation management, it is also necessary to frequently spray the supernatant of 1% lime water on the bacteria bed to prevent the pH drop from affecting the growth of Agaricus bisporus and inducing the breeding of miscellaneous bacteria.
(6) Covering soil
Agaricus bisporus mycelium growth to a certain stage need to cover the soil, some microorganisms in the soil produced by the hormone can induce and promote the formation of fruiting body, at the same time, the soil has to stimulate the mushroom, heat preservation, moisture and so on. Covering soil is a necessary condition for a large number of fruiting bodies of Agaricus bisporus, and no fruiting bodies are generally produced without covering soil. The quality of the covering material was also correlated with the yield of Agaricus bisporus. (Cooperation Support: 18134707011, WeChat with the same number) Soil covering has the functions of providing rich water for the growth and development of mycelium and fruiting bodies, preventing water loss and drying of culture materials, providing support for the development of fruiting bodies, providing required environmental conditions for the formation of fruiting bodies, and preventing damage to culture materials caused by watering.
The ideal overburden material is blended peat soil. At present, many countries in the world use peat soil as the main material for covering soil. Other materials such as loam, clay, river mud, and deep soil on the surface can be used as covering soil materials for Agaricus bisporus. The greater the water absorption, the better the soil.