High Yield Cultivation Techniques of Agaricus bisporus in Greenhouse

Agaricus bisporus is delicious, and its protein content ranks first in edible fungi. It contains 6 of the 8 essential amino acids, especially lysine, which accounts for 10% of the protein. Agaricus bisporus also contains a large number of vitamins and tyrosinase, to improve human immunity, lower blood pressure and other significant effects. Agaricus bisporus suitable for a wide range of areas, most areas can be planted, the author after years of production practice, summed up a set of Agaricus bisporus greenhouse cultivation techniques, can improve the production of Agaricus bisporus, increase planting efficiency.
1. building plastic greenhouses
In order to reduce the construction cost, plastic greenhouses can be selected. The greenhouses are north-south, about 30m long, 7~8m wide and 2~3m high. The top of the internal greenhouses is built with steel frames, and the top is covered with plastic film and sunshade nets. The greenhouse is 2~3m away, and the wall surface is equipped with 20~30cm ventilation openings, which is conducive to ventilation and light transmission. According to the size of the mushroom shed, the bed frame can be set up with two rows of one channel or two rows of three channels. The bed frame is generally 5-7 layers, with a spacing of 55-65cm between each layer.
2. culture materials and pile-building fermentation
1. Raw materials for cultivation of Agaricus bisporus
There are mainly dry straw, manure, chemical fertilizer and cake fertilizer, of which the amount of straw and manure is larger. Cow manure and pig manure are commonly used. Pig manure ferments quickly, and the piled culture material produces mushrooms quickly and densely, but the stamina is insufficient, while cow manure is the opposite. Therefore, the production of pig, cow dung mixed pile material is generally the best. Based on the cultivation area of 100m2 Agaricus bisporus, the required raw materials are: 2000kg of dry rice straw, 1300kg of dry cow dung powder, 80kg of cake fertilizer, 30kg of calcium superphosphate, 50kg of gypsum powder, 40kg of calcium carbonate, 25kg of urea, 25kg of ammonium bicarbonate and 50kg of lime powder.
2. Build heap fermentation
Generally, the pile will be built about 30 days before sowing, which can be arranged according to the materials and local climatic conditions. As far as possible, choose a flat cement ground for the construction of the pile. First, lay the bottom with straw, 30cm thick, and then sprinkle a layer of manure 3~5cm thick. In this way, 10~12 layers are laid alternately, and the pile height is up to 1.5m. Auxiliary substances such as urea, cake fertilizer, etc. are added at the beginning of the third layer for full fermentation and absorption. After each layer of manure, should be properly watered. The amount of water should be such that a small amount of water overflows around the piled material after stacking. The side of the pile shall be basically vertical, and the top shall be piled in a turtle-back shape. Cover the surface with a layer of grass thatch and cover it with plastic film on rainy days. The first turn-over shall be carried out 7 days after the pile is built, and the interval between each turn-over shall be 4~5 days, with a total of 4 turns. The fermented material was brown, soft and elastic, with a water content of 68% and a pH value of 7.5-8.5.
3. sowing and cultivation management techniques
1. Disinfection
The fermented culture materials are evenly distributed in front of the bacteria bed, and the greenhouse is thoroughly disinfected and insecticidal. After sealing the doors and windows, the cultivation area of 100m2 is fumigated with formaldehyde 1.8kg and dichlorvos 0.5kg for 24 hours, then the doors and windows are opened for ventilation, and the materials can be laid in the shed after exhaust gas is removed. The thickness of the paving material is 25~30cm, and the paving material should be gently patted. After the paving material is finished, the doors and windows should be closed and disinfected with sulfur. After fumigation with 20~30g per 1m2 for about 2 days, the doors and windows should be opened for ventilation to remove the smell of medicine.
2. Seeding
At present, the hole sowing method is mostly used in our country. The sowing temperature is about 25 ℃, and the material temperature is below 28 ℃. Cave sowing is to make holes on the material surface with a depth of 3~5cm and a row spacing of 8~10cm. The strain pieces are put into the holes and patted lightly to make the material and the species close. Close the doors and windows properly within 2~3 days after sowing, mainly to maintain humidity, check the bacteria situation every day, if found that individual hyphae do not germinate, should immediately replant.
3. Management after sowing
Under normal circumstances, the strains will germinate within 3 days, and the suitable mycelium growth temperature is 24~25 ℃. If the germination is delayed, it depends on whether the temperature in the shed is too high and the ventilation is not enough. In case of the above situation, the cause shall be identified in time and corresponding measures shall be taken. Such as increase ventilation, reduce material temperature, ammonia emission. After sowing, the bacteria germinate normally, but they do not eat the feed. The culture material is mostly too dry or too wet. If it is too dry, it should be humidified and adjusted. If it is too wet, 1cm thick bamboo sticks should be inserted into the material bottom at intervals of 8~15cm for ventilation.
4. overburden and post-overburden management
1. Covering soil
When the mycelium is about to grow full of culture material, the soil is covered, about 20d after sowing. Before covering the soil, it is necessary to check whether the culture material has latent bacteria and pests, especially wart blister mold, green mold and mites. Once found, must take measures to kill before covering the soil, otherwise after the formation of a protective layer of bacteria and pests, it is difficult to completely eliminate. When the mycelium grows to 2/3 of the culture material, the soil can be covered. Coarse and fine soil is generally used in our country. The thickness of the coarse soil is 2.0~2.5cm first, and the thickness of the fine soil is 1.0~1.5cm later. The soil surface is required to be smooth. Spray enough water within 3 days after covering the soil, mainly with light spraying and frequent spraying, so that the soil material can fully absorb water, but the water does not permeate into the culture material.
2. Management after covering soil
The mycelium can be seen in the soil seam on the surface of the covering soil for about 15 days. When the mycelium is 1cm away from the soil surface, mushroom-forming water should be sprayed in time to stimulate the formation of mushroom buds in the soil layer, usually 3~4kg of water per 1m2 of bacterial bed. Spray it 4 times in 2 days. While spraying mushroom water, strengthen ventilation. When the temperature is higher than 20 ℃, the amount of water sprayed should be appropriately reduced and ventilation should be strengthened. When mushroom buds the size of soybeans appear in the overlying soil layer, mushroom water should be sprayed once in the morning and once in the evening for 2~3 days in a row. The temperature during the fruiting period should be controlled at 12~18 ℃, and the relative humidity of the air should be controlled at about 80%. Ventilation should be strengthened at this stage, and mushrooms can be harvested after 3 days in general.
5. harvesting and soil replenishment
1. Harvest
The fruiting body of Agaricus bisporus is harvested before it grows to the size specified in the standard and is immature, so as not to affect the quality of mushrooms. Harvest must be timely, and water is not sprayed before harvesting, so as to prevent redness at the hand of mushroom picking and affect the quality. When picking mushrooms, first press down slightly and gently rotate the picking to avoid driving the mycelium at the base of the mushroom stalk and cover less soil. After harvesting, timely cut off the mushroom handle with mud, and the mushroom after cutting the handle should be placed in a hard container with smooth and clean inner wall according to the standard classification.
2. Soil replenishment
The small pit left after harvesting is filled with sterilized soil to keep the material surface flat and prevent hypha from shrinking due to accumulated water during water spraying. After each mushroom harvesting, the broken mushrooms, dead mushrooms and mushroom roots are promptly cleaned out of the mushroom shed to reduce the occurrence of diseases.
6. pest control
1. Disease
The main diseases of Agaricus bisporus in the germ stage are ghost umbrella, white gypsum mold, walnut meat strong fungus, Trichoderma, Aspergillus and so on. Select high-quality culture materials and adopt scientific culture medium formula; the cultivation site must be thoroughly disinfected before cultivation, and strengthen the soil covering sterilization treatment; control the reasonable temperature and humidity in the shed, carry out reasonable ventilation, and avoid high temperature and high humidity to achieve the prevention effect. Chemical control: spraying 50% carbendazim wettable powder 500 times liquid or 20% thiopendazim methyl emulsifiable concentrate 1000 times liquid, continuous treatment 2~3 times, inhibit the spread of pathogenic bacteria.
2. Pests
The main pests are bacteria mosquitoes, flea flies, mites, nematodes, rodents and so on. The main prevention methods are: close the door of the culture room and the door of the mushroom shed at any time to prevent rats from entering, or use rodenticide, such as 0.75g of rodenticide powder mixed with 10kg of bait for prevention and control; When building and turning over the pile, add 1500 times of 4.5 beta-cypermethrin wettable powder to prevent pests.